Walmart

Wal-Mart Stores Inc. NYSE WMT Is An American Public Corporation That Runs A Chain Of Large Discount Department Stores. It Is The World's Largest Public Corporation By Revenue According To The 2008 Fortune Global 500. 4 Founded By Sam Walton In 1962 It Was Incorporated On October 31 1969 And Listed On The New York Stock Exchange In 1972. It Is The Largest Private Employer In The World And The Fourth Largest Utility Or Commercial Employer Trailing The British National Health Service And The Indian Railways. Wal-Mart Is The Largest Grocery Retailer In The United States With An Estimated 20% Of The Retail Grocery And Consumables Business As Well As The Largest Toy Seller In The U.S. It Also Owns And Operates The North American Company Of Sam's Club. Wal-Mart Operates In Mexico As Walmex In The UK As ASDA And In Japan As Seiyu. It Has Wholly-Owned Operations In Argentina Brazil Canada Puerto Rico And The UK. Wal-Mart's Investments Outside North America Have Had Mixed Results Its Operations In South America And China Are Highly Successful While It Was Forced To Pull Out Of Germany When Its Venture There Was Unsuccessful. Wal-Mart Has Been Criticized By Some Community Groups Women's Rights Groups Grassroots Organizations And Labor Unions Specifically For Its Extensive Foreign Product Sourcing Low Rates Of Employee Health Insurance Enrollment Resistance To Union Representation And Alleged Sexism. Sam Walton's Original Walton's Five And Dime Store In Bentonville Arkansas Now Serving As The Wal-Mart Visitor's Center Sam Walton A Businessman From Arkansas Began His Retail Career When He Started Work On June 3 1940 At A J.C. Penney Store In Des Moines Iowa Where He Remained For 18 Months. In 1945 He Met Butler Brothers A Regional Retailer That Owned A Chain Of Variety Stores Called Ben Franklin And That Offered Him One In Newport Arkansas. 5 Walton Could Neither Come To Agreement On The Existing Store's Lease Renewal Nor Find A New Location In Newport. Instead He Opened A New Ben Franklin Franchise In Bentonville Arkansas But Called It "Walton's Five And Dime." There He Achieved Higher Sales Volume By Marking Up Slightly Less Than Most Competitors. 6 On July 2 1962 Walton Opened The First Wal-Mart Discount City Store. Within Five Years The Company Expanded To 24 Stores Across Arkansas And Reached $12.6 Million In Sales. 7 In 1968 It Opened Its First Stores Outside Arkansas In Sikeston Missouri And Claremore Oklahoma. 8 The Company Was Incorporated As Wal-Mart Stores Inc. On October 31 1969. In 1970 It Opened Its Home Office And First Distribution Center In Bentonville Arkansas. It Had 38 Stores Operating With 1 500 Employees And Sales Of $44.2 Million. It Began Trading Stock As A Publicly-Held Company On October 1 1972 And Was Soon Listed On The New York Stock Exchange. The First Stock Split Occurred In May 1971 At A Market Price Of $47. By This Time Wal-Mart Was Operating In Five States Arkansas Kansas Louisiana Missouri And Oklahoma It Entered Tennessee In 1973 And Kentucky And Mississippi In 1974. As It Moved Into Texas In 1975 There Were 125 Stores With 7 500 Employees And Total Sales Of $340.3 Million. 8 During The 1980s Wal-Mart Continued To Grow Rapidly And By Its 25th Anniversary In 1987 There Were 1 198 Stores With Sales Of $15.9 Billion And 200 000 Associates. 8 This Year Also Marked The Completion Of The Company's Satellite Network A $24 Million Investment Linking All Operating Units Of The Company With Its Bentonville Office Via Two-Way Voice And Data Transmission And One-Way Video Communication. At The Time It Was The Largest Private Satellite Network Allowing The Corporate Office To Track Inventory And Sales And To Instantly Communicate To Stores. 9 In 1988 Sam Walton Stepped Down As CEO And Was Replaced By David Glass. 10 Walton Remained As Chairman Of The Board And The Company Also Rearranged Other People In Senior Positions. In 1988 Wal-Mart Entered The Grocery Business By Opening The First Wal-Mart Supercenter In Washington Missouri. 11 Thanks To Its Superstores It Surpassed Toys "R" Us In Toy Sales In The Late 1990s. 12 The Company Also Opened Overseas Stores Entering South America In 1995 With Stores In Argentina And Brazil And Europe In 1999 Buying ASDA In The UK For $10 Billion. 13 In 1998 Wal-Mart Introduced The "Neighborhood Market" Concept With Three Stores In Arkansas. 14 By 2005 Estimates Indicate That The Company Controlled About 20% Of The Retail Grocery And Consumables Business. 15 In 2000 H. Lee Scott Became President And CEO And Wal-Mart's Sales Increased To $165 Billion. 16 In 2002 It Was Listed For The First Time As America's Largest Corporation On The Fortune 500 List With Revenues Of $219.8 Billion And Profits Of $6.7 Billion. It Has Remained There Every Year Except For 2006. 17 18 In 2005 Wal-Mart Had $312.4 Billion In Sales More Than 6 200 Facilities Around The World—including 3 800 Stores In The United States And 2 800 Elsewhere Employing More Than 1.6 Million "associates" Worldwide. Its U.S. Presence Grew So Rapidly That Only Small Pockets Of The Country Remained Further Than 60 Miles 100 Km From The Nearest Wal-Mart. 19 As Wal-Mart Grew Rapidly Into The World's Largest Corporation Many Critics Worried About The Effect Of Its Stores On Local Communities Particularly Small Towns With Many "mom And Pop" Stores. There Have Been Several Studies On The Economic Impact Of Wal-Mart On Small Towns And Local Businesses Jobs And Taxpayers. In One Kenneth Stone A Professor Of Economics At Iowa State University Found That Some Small Towns Can Lose Almost Half Of Their Retail Trade Within Ten Years Of A Wal-Mart Store Opening. 20 However In Another Study He Compared The Changes To What Small Town Shops Had Faced In The Past — Including The Development Of The Railroads The Advent Of The Sears Roebuck Catalog As Well As The Arrival Of Shopping Malls — And Concluded That Shop Owners Who Adapt To Changes In The Retail Market Can Thrive After Wal-Mart Arrives. 20 A Later Study In Collaboration With Mississippi State University Showed That There Are "both Positive And Negative Impacts On Existing Stores In The Area Where The New Supercenter Locates." 21 See Also Criticism Of Wal-Mart Economic Impact In October 2005 Wal-Mart Announced It Would Implement Several Environmental Measures To Increase Energy Efficiency. The Primary Goals Included Spending $500 Million A Year To Increase Fuel Efficiency In Wal-Mart’s Truck Fleet By 25% Over Three Years And Double It Within Ten Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions By 20% In Seven Years Reduce Energy Use At Stores By 30% And Cut Solid Waste From U.S. Stores And Sam’s Clubs By 25% In Three Years. CEO Lee Scott Said That Wal-Mart's Goal Was To Be A "good Steward For The Environment" And Ultimately Use Only Renewable Energy Sources And Produce Zero Waste. 22 The Company Also Designed Three New Experimental Stores In McKinney Texas Aurora Colorado And Las Vegas Nevada. With Wind Turbines Photovoltaic Solar Panels Biofuel-Capable Boilers Water-Cooled Refrigerators And Xeriscape Gardens. 23 Despite Much Criticism Of Its Environmental Record Wal-Mart Took A Few Steps In A Positive Direction Which Included Becoming The Biggest Seller Of Organic Milk And The Biggest Buyer Of Organic Cotton In The World As Well As Reducing Packaging And Energy Costs. 24 Wal-Mart Also Spent Nearly A Year Working With Outside Consultants To Discover The Company's Total Environmental Impact And Find Where They Could Improve. They Discovered For Example That By Eliminating Excess Packaging On Their Toy Line Kid Connection They Could Save $2.4 Million A Year In Shipping Costs 3 800 Trees And A Million Barrels Of Oil. 24 Wal-Mart Has Also Recently Created Its Own Electric Company In Texas Texas Retail Energy And Plans To Supply Its Stores With Cheap Power Purchased At Wholesale Prices. Through This New Venture The Company Expects To Save $15 Million Annually And Also Lays The Groundwork And Infrastructure To Sell Electricity To Texas Consumers In The Future. 25 In March 2006 Wal-Mart Sought To Appeal To A More Affluent Demographic. The Company Launched A New Supercenter Concept In Plano Texas Intended To Compete Against Stores Seen As More Upscale And Appealing Such As Target. 26 27 The New Store Has Wood Floors Wider Aisles A Sushi Bar A Coffee/sandwich Shop With Free Wi-Fi Internet Access And More Expensive Beers Wines Electronics And Other Goods. The Exterior Has A Hunter Green Background Behind The Wal-Mart Letters Similar To Wal-Mart Neighborhood Markets Instead Of The Blue Previously Used At Its Supercenters. On September 12 2007 Wal-Mart Introduced New Advertising With The Slogan "Save Money Live Better " Replacing The "Always Low Prices Always" Slogan Which It Had Used For The Previous 19 Years. Global Insight Which Conducted The Research That Supported The Ads Found That Wal-Mart's Price Level Reduction Resulted In Savings For Consumers Of $287 Billion In 2006 Which Equated To $957 Per Person Or $2 500 Per Household Up 7.3% From The 2004 Savings Estimate Of $2 329 . 28 Subsidiaries See Also List Of Assets Owned By Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
Wal-Mart's Operations Primarily Comprises Three Retailing Subsidiaries Wal-Mart Stores Division U.S. Sam's Club And Wal-Mart International. 29 The Company Does Business In Nine Different Retail Formats Supercenters Food And Drugs General Merchandise Stores Bodegas Small Markets Cash And Carry Stores Membership Warehouse Clubs Apparel Stores Soft Discount Stores And Restaurants. 29 Wal-Mart Stores Division U.S. Is Wal-Mart's Largest Business Subsidiary Accounting For 67.2% Of Net Sales For Financial Year 2006. 29 It Consists Of Three Retail Formats That Have Become Commonplace In The United States Discount Stores Supercenters And Neighborhood Markets. The Retail Department Stores Sell A Variety Of Non-Grocery Products Though Emphasis Has Now Shifted Towards Supercenters Which Include More Grocery Items. This Division Also Includes Wal-Mart's Online Retailer Walmart.Com. On February 6 2007 The Company Launched A "beta" Version Of Its New Movie Download Service Mediadownloads.Walmart.Com Which Sells 3 000 Films And Television Episodes From All Major Studios And Television Networks. 30 This Service Was Discontinued On December 21 2007. 31 Wal-Mart Discount Stores Are Discount Department Stores With Size Varying From 51 000 Square Feet 4 738.1 M² To 224 000 Square Feet 20 810.3 M² A Typical Wal-Mart Discount Department Store A Typical Wal-Mart Supercenter In Madison Heights Virginia Wal-Mart Neighborhood Market In Winter Springs Florida A Typical Sam's Club Store In Maplewood Missouri
with An Average Store Covering About 102 000 Square Feet 9 476.1 M² . 29 They Carry General Merchandise And A Selection Of Food. Many Of These Stores Also Have A Garden Center A Pharmacy Tire & Lube Express Optical Center One-Hour Photo Processing Lab Portrait Studio A Bank Branch A Cell Phone Store And A Fast Food Outlet. Some Also Have Gasoline Stations. 32 The First Wal-Mart Store Opened In Rogers Arkansas In 1962. It Was Later Remodeled And Expanded Into A 24-Hour Wal-Mart Supercenter.
In 1990 Wal-Mart Opened Its First Bud's Discount City Location In Bentonville. Bud's Operated As A Closeout Store Much Like Big Lots. Many Locations Were Opened To Fulfill Leases In Shopping Centers As Wal-Mart Stores Left And Moved Into Newly-Built Supercenters. All Of The Bud's Discount City Stores Closed Or Converted Into Wal-Mart Discount Stores By 1997. 33 7 As Of January 31 2008 There Were 971 Wal-Mart Discount Stores In The United States. In 2006 The Busiest In The World Was One In Rapid City South Dakota. 34 Wal-Mart Supercenters Are Hypermarkets With Size Varying From 98 000 Square Feet 9 104.5 M² To 261 000 Square Feet 24 247.7 M² With An Average Of About 197 000 Square Feet 18 301.9 M² . 29 These Stock Everything A Wal-Mart Discount Store Does And Also Include A Full-Service Supermarket Including Meat And Poultry Baked Goods Delicatessen Frozen Foods Dairy Products Garden Produce And Fresh Seafood. Many Wal-Mart Supercenters Also Have A Garden Center Pet Shop Pharmacy Tire & Lube Express Optical Center One-Hour Photo Processing Lab Portrait Studio And Numerous Alcove Shops Such As Cellular Phone Stores Hair And Nail Salons Video Rental Stores Local Bank Branches And Fast Food Outlets. Some Also Sell Gasoline Distributors Include Murphy Oil Corporation Whose Wal-Mart Stations Are Branded As "Murphy USA" Sunoco Inc. "Optima" Or Tesoro Corporation "Mirastar" . 32 The First Supercenter Opened In 1988 In Washington Missouri. A Similar Concept Hypermart USA Opened In Garland Texas A Year Earlier. All Of The Hypermart USA Stores Were Later Closed Or Converted Into Supercenters. As Of January 31 2008 There Were 2 447 Wal-Mart Supercenters In The United States. 34 The Nation's Largest Supercenter Covering 260 000 Square Feet 24 000 M² And Two Floors Is Located In Crossgates Commons In Albany New York. 35 Wal-Mart Neighborhood Markets Are Grocery Stores That Average About 42 000 Square Feet 3 901.9 M² . 29 They Offer A Variety Of Products Which Include Full Lines Of Groceries Pharmaceuticals Health And Beauty Aids Photo Developing Services And A Limited Selection Of General Merchandise. Neighborhood Markets Are Used To Fill The Gap Between Discount Stores And Supercenters. The First Neighborhood Market Opened In 1998 In Bentonville Arkansas. As Of January 31 2008 There Were 132 Of Them In The United States. 34 Sam's Club Main Article Sam's Club Sam's Club Is A Chain Of Warehouse Clubs Which Sell Groceries And General Merchandise Often In Large Quantities. Sam's Club Stores Are "membership" Stores And Most Customers Buy Annual Memberships. However Non-Members Can Make Purchases Either By Buying A One-Day Membership Or Paying A Surcharge Based On The Price Of The Purchase. 36 Some Locations Also Sell Gasoline. 32 The First Sam's Club Opened In 1983 In Midwest City Oklahoma 36 Under The Name "Sam's Wholesale Club".
Sam's Has Found A Niche Market In Recent Years As A Supplier To Small Businesses. All Sam's Club Stores Are Open Early Hours Exclusively For Business Members And Their Slogan Is "We're In Business For Small Business." According To Wal-Mart's 2007 Annual Report Sam's Club's Sales During 2007 Were $42 Billion Or 12.1% Of Wal-Mart's Total 2007 Sales. 37 As Of January 31 2008 There Were 591 Sam's Clubs In The United States. 34 Wal-Mart International Wal-Mart's UK Subsidiary ASDA Wal-Mart's International Operations Currently Comprise 2 980 Stores In 14 Countries Outside The United States. 38 According To Wal-Mart's 2006 Annual Report The International Division Accounted For About 20.1% Of Sales. 29 There Are Wholly-Owned Operations In Argentina Brazil Canada Puerto Rico Although PR Is Part Of The US The Company's Operations There Are Managed Through Its International Division 38 And The UK. With 1.8 Million Employees Worldwide The Company Is The Largest Private Employer In The US And Mexico And One Of The Largest In Canada. 39 Wal-Mart Has Operated In Canada Since Its Acquisition Of The Woolco Division Of Woolworth Canada Inc. 40 In 2007 It Operates At 278 Locations Employing 70 000 Canadians With A Local Home Office In Mississauga Ontario. On November 8 2006 Wal-Mart Canada's First Three Supercenters Opened In Hamilton London And Aurora Ontario. As Of January 31 2007 There Were Six Wal-Mart Supercenters In Canada. 34 As Of November 30 2006 There Were Six Sam's Clubs In Ontario In London Richmond Hill Vaughan Cambridge Pickering And Toronto . 34 In December 2006 Conversion Of A Wal-Mart Discount Store Into A Wal-Mart Supercenter Began In Lethbridge Alberta Making It The Seventh In Canada And The First In Western Canada. Sales In 2006 For Wal-Mart's UK Subsidiary ASDA Which Retains The Name It Had Before Acquisition By Wal-Mart Accounted For 42.7% Of Sales Of Wal-Mart's International Division. In Contrast To Wal-Mart's US Operations ASDA Was Originally And Still Remains Primarily A Grocery Chain But With A Stronger Focus On Non-Food Items Than Most UK Supermarket Chains Other Than Tesco. At The End Of 2007 ASDA Had 340 Stores Some Of Which Are Branded ASDA Wal-Mart Supercentres As Well As ASDA Supermarkets ASDA Living George High Street And ASDA Essentials Stores. 41 In Addition To Its Wholly-Owned International Operations Wal-Mart Has Joint Ventures In China And Several Majority-Owned Subsidiaries. Wal-Mart's Majority-Owned Subsidiary In Mexico Is Walmex. In Japan Wal-Mart Owns About 53% Of Seiyu. 42 Additionally Wal-Mart Owns 51% Of The Central American Retail Holding Company CARHCO Consisting Of More Than 360 Supermarkets And Other Stores In Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua And Costa Rica. 43 In 2004 Wal-Mart Bought The 116 Stores In The Bompreço Supermarket Chain In Northeastern Brazil. In Late 2005 It Took Control Of The Brazilian Operations Of Sonae Distribution Group Through Its New Subsidiary WMS Supermercados Do Brasil Thus Acquiring Control Of The Nacional And Mercadorama Supermarket Chains The Leaders In The Rio Grande Do Sul And Paraná States Respectively. None Of These Was Rebranded. As Of August 2006 Wal-Mart Operates 71 Bompreço Stores 27 Hiper-Bompreço Stores 15 Balaio Stores And Three Hiper-Magazines All Originally Parts Of Bompreço . It Also Runs 19 Wal-Mart Supercenters 13 Sam's Club Stores And Two Todo Dia Stores. With The Acquisition Of Bompreço And Sonae Wal-Mart Is Currently The Third Largest Supermarket Chain In Brazil Behind Carrefour And Pão De Açúcar. 44 In July 2006 Wal-Mart Announced Its Withdrawal From Germany Due To Sustained Losses In A Highly Competitive Market. The Stores Were Sold To The German Company Metro During Wal-Mart's Fiscal Third Quarter. 45 42 In November 2006 Wal-Mart Announced A Joint Venture With Bharti Enterprises To Open Retail Stores In India. As Foreign Corporations Are Not Allowed To Directly Enter The Retail Sector In India Wal-Mart Will Operate Through Franchises And Handle The Wholesale End. 46 The Partnership Will Involve Two Joint Ventures Bharti Will Manage The Front End Involving Opening Of Retail Outlets While Wal-Mart Will Take Care Of The Back End Such As Cold Chains And Logistics. Private Label Brands Main Article List Of Wal-Mart Brands About 40% Of Products Sold In Wal-Mart Are Private Label Store Brands Or Products Offered By Wal-Mart And Produced Through Subsidized Contracts Awarded To The Lowest Bidder. 47 Wal-Mart Began Offering Private Label Brands In 1991 With The Launch Of Sam's Choice A Brand Of Drinks Produced By Cott Beverages Exclusively For Wal-Mart. Sam's Choice Quickly Became Popular And By 1993 Was The Third Beverage Brand In The United States. 48 Other Wal-Mart Brands Include Great Value And Equate In The US And Smart Price In Britain. A 2006 Study Talked Of "the Magnitude Of Mind-Share Wal-Mart Appears To Hold In Shoppers' Minds When It Comes To Awareness Of Private Label Brands And Retailers." 49 Corporate Affairs Wal-Mart's Business Model Is Based On Selling A Wide Variety Of General Merchandise At "always Low Prices." 29 The Company Refers To Its Employees As "associates". All Wal-Mart Stores In The US And Canada Also Have Designated "greeters" Who Welcome Shoppers At The Store Entrance. 50 In June 2007. Wal-Mart Announced It Was Retiring The Blue Vest Its 1.5 Million Associates Wear And Replacing It With Khakis And Polos. The Replacement Was To Help Wal-Mart Increase Sales. Unlike Many Other Retailers Wal-Mart Does Not Charge A Slotting Fee To Suppliers For Their Products To Appear In The Store. 51 Instead It Focuses On Selling More Popular Products And Often Pressures Store Managers To Drop Unpopular Products As Well As Asking Manufacturers To Supply More Popular Products. 51 More Than 70% Of The Goods Sold In Wal-Mart Are Manufactured In China. 52 53 On September 14 2006 The Company Announced That It Would Phase Out Its Layaway Program Citing Declining Use And Increased Costs. 54 Layaway Ceased To Be Offered On November 19 2006 And Required Merchandise Pickup By December 8 2006. Wal-Mart Now Focuses On Other Payment Options Such As Increased Use Of Six- And Twelve-Month Zero-Interest Financing. The Layaway Location In Most Stores Is Now Used For Wal-Mart's Site-To-Store Program Which Was Introduced In March 2007. This Enables Walmart.Com Customers To Buy Goods Online With A Free Shipping Option And Have Goods Shipped To The Nearest Store For Pickup. 55 Financial In 2006 Wal-Mart Was 67th Most Profitable Corporation Profits Divided By Total Revenue Behind Retailers Home Depot Dell And Target And Ahead Of Costco And Kroger. 56 For The Fiscal Year Ending January 31 2006 Wal-Mart Reported A Net Income Of $12.178 Billion On $344.992 Billion Of Sales Revenue 3.5% Profit Margin . 57 For The Fiscal Year Ending January 31 2006 Wal-Mart's International Operations Accounted For About 20.1% Of Total Sales. 29 As Of May 08 2008 Net Sales For The 13-Week Period Ending May 02 2008 Was $95.3 Billion Up 8.8% From The Previous Year's Results. 58 Governance Wal-Mart Is Governed By A Fifteen-Member Board Of Directors Which Is Elected Annually By Shareholders. Robson Walton The Eldest Son Of Founder Sam Walton Serves As Chairman Of The Board. Lee Scott The Chief Executive Officer Serves On The Board As Well. Other Members Of The Board Include Aída Álvarez James Breyer Michele Burns James Cash Roger Corbett Douglas Daft David Glass Roland Hernandez Allen Questrom Jack Shewmaker Jim Walton Christopher Williams And Linda Wolf. 59 Notable Former Members Of The Board Include Hillary Clinton 1985–1992 60 And Tom Coughlin 2003–2004 The Latter Having Served As Vice Chairman. Clinton Left The Board Before The 1992 U.S. Presidential Election And Coughlin Left In December 2005 After Pleading Guilty To Wire Fraud And Tax Evasion For Stealing Hundreds Of Thousands Of Dollars From Wal-Mart. 61 On August 11 2006 He Was Sentenced To 27 Months Of Home Confinement Five Years Of Probation And Ordered To Pay $411 000 In Restitution. 62 Competition In North America Wal-Mart's Primary Competition Includes Department Stores Like Kmart Target ShopKo Meijer And Canada's Zellers Winners And Giant Tiger. Competitors Of Wal-Mart's Sam's Club Division Are Costco And The Smaller BJ's Wholesale Club Chain Operating Mainly In The Eastern US. Wal-Mart's Move Into The Grocery Business In The Late 1990s Also Set It Against Major Supermarket Chains In Both The United States And Canada. Several Smaller Retailers Primarily Dollar Stores Such As Family Dollar And Dollar General Have Been Able To Find A Small Niche Market And Compete Successfully Against Wal-Mart For Home Consumer Sales. 63 In 2004 Wal-Mart Responded By Testing Its Own Dollar Store Concept A Subsection Of Some Stores Called "Pennies-N-Cents." 64 Wal-Mart Also Had To Face Fierce Competition In Some Foreign Markets. For Example In Germany It Had Captured Just 2% Of German Food Market Following Its Entry Into The Market In 1997 And Remained "a Secondary Player" Behind Aldi With A 19% Share. 65 In July 2006 Wal-Mart Announced Its Withdrawal From Germany. Its Stores Were Sold To German Company Metro. 45 Wal-Mart Continues To Do Well In The UK And Its ASDA Subsidiary Is The Second Largest Chain After Tesco. 66 In May 2006 After Entering The South Korean Market In 1998 Wal-Mart Withdrew And Sold All 16 Of Its South Korean Outlets To Shinsegae A Local Retailer For $882 Million. Shinsegae Re-Branded The Wal-Marts As E-Mart Stores. 67 Wal-Mart Struggled To Export Its Brand Elsewhere As It Rigidly Tried To Reproduce Its Model Overseas. In China Wal-Mart Hopes To Succeed By Adapting And Doing Things Preferable To Chinese Citizens. For Example It Found That Chinese Consumers Preferred To Select Their Own Live Fish And Seafood Stores Began Displaying The Meat Uncovered And Installed Fish Tanks Leading To Higher Sales. 68 In Addition Under Heavy Pressure From The Chinese Government Wal-Mart Accepted A Form Of Organized Labor In China. Chinese Labor Unions Do Not Negotiate Contracts But Simply Pay Dues To The Government "to Secure The Social Order." However Chinese Consumers May Be More Open To Americana Than Shoppers In Europe. 69 Customer Base Street Sign For Wal*Mart Drive Near Gordon Pennsylvania
Each Week About 100 Million Customers Nearly One-Third Of The U.S. Population Visit Wal-Mart's U.S. Stores. 70 Wal-Mart Customers Give Low Prices As The Most Important Reason For Shopping There Reflecting The "Low Prices Always" Advertising Slogan That Wal-Mart Used From 1962 Until 2006. 71 The Average US Wal-Mart Customer's Income Is Below The National Average And Analysts Recently Estimated That More Than One-Fifth Of Them Lack A Bank Account Twice The National Rate. 72 A Wal-Mart Financial Report In 2006 Also Indicated That Wal-Mart Customers Are Sensitive To Higher Utility Costs And Gas Prices. 73 A Poll Before The 2004 US Presidential Election Indicated That 76% Of Voters Who Shopped At Wal-Mart Once A Week Planned To Vote For George W. Bush While Only 23% Planned To Vote For John Kerry. 74 When Measured Against Other Similar Retailers In The U.S. Frequent Wal-Mart Shoppers Were Rated The Most Politically Conservative. 75 In 2006 Wal-Mart Took Steps To Expand Its US Customer Base Announcing A Modification In Its US Stores From A "one-Size-Fits-All" Merchandising Strategy To One Designed To "reflect Each Of Six Demographic Groups – African-Americans The Affluent Empty-Nesters Hispanics Suburbanites And Rural Residents." 76 Around Six Months Later It Unveiled A New Slogan "Saving People Money So They Can Live Better Lives". This Reflects The Three Main Groups Into Which Wal-Mart Categorizes Its 200 Million Customers "brand Aspirationals" People With Low Incomes Who Are Obsessed With Names Like KitchenAid "price-Sensitive Affluents" Wealthier Shoppers Who Love Deals And "value-Price Shoppers" People Who Like Low Prices And Cannot Afford Much More . 71 Wal-Mart Has Also Made Steps To Appeal To More Liberal Customers For Example By Rejecting The American Family Association's Recommendations And Carrying The DVD Brokeback Mountain A Love Story Between Two Gay Cowboys In Wyoming. 77 Employee And Labor Relations See Also Criticism Of Wal-Mart A Protest In Utah Against Wal-Mart Labor Unions Religious Organizations 78 79 And Environmental Groups 80 Have Criticized Wal-Mart For Its Policies And/or Business Practices. In Particular Several Labor Unions Blame Wal-Mart Workers' Unwillingness To Join Their Organizations On The Company's Anti-Union Stance. Others Disapprove Of The Corporation's Extensive Foreign Product Sourcing Treatment Of Employees And Product Suppliers Environmental Practices And Use Of Public Subsidies And The Impact Of Stores On The Local Economies Of Towns In Which They Operate. 81 82 83 In 2005 Labor Unions Created Several Websites And Organizations To Shed New Light On Wal-Mart. These Included Wake Up Wal-Mart United Food And Commercial Workers And Wal-Mart Watch Service Employees International Union . By The End Of 2005 Wal-Mart Launched Working Families For Wal-Mart An Operation Managed By Wal-Mart To Tell The Company's Side Of The Story. Additional Efforts To Counter Criticism Included A PR Campaign In 2005 Managed Through Its PR Website Walmartfacts.Com 84 As Well As Several Television Commercials. The Company Retained The PR Firm Edelman To Respond To Negative Media Attention 85 And Started Interacting Directly With Bloggers By Sending Them News Suggesting Topics For Postings And Sometimes Inviting Them To Visit Its Corporate Headquarters. 86 Critics Decry Wal-Mart's Employee And Workforce Relations Low Wages Poor Working Conditions And Inadequate Health Care. They Also Denounce What They Call The Company's Anti-Union Policies And Claim That Wal-Mart's High Turnover Rate About 70% Of Its Employees Leave Within The First Year Shows That Workers Are Dissatisfied With The Lack Of Recognition And Inadequate Pay. 87 In Response Jay Nordlinger Of National Review Argues That Wal-Mart Is Attacked Simply Because It Is A Leader Of The Fortune 500 List Or The Largest Employer In America And A "free-Market Success Story". 88 Penn & Teller Devoted An Episode Of Their Show To An Analysis Of Wal-Mart Criticism As A Social Movement. They Theorized That Despite The Noble Rhetoric The Real Motivation Of "Wal-Mart Haters" Was Rooted In Human Psychology. They Suggested That Hating Wal-Mart Permits A Person "to Feel Better About Themselves" For Three Main Reasons They "don't Run A Greedy International Conglomerate" They Aren't Wal-Mart Workers Widely Considered "low-Skilled Minimum Wage Drones" And They Aren't Wal-Mart Customers Thought Of As "toothless Welfare-Getting Hillbillies". 89 Wal-Mart Stores Are Unionized In Every Country Outside Of North America. 90 Diversity Wal-Mart Is Currently Facing A Gender Discrimination Lawsuit Dukes V. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Which Alleges That Female Employees Were Discriminated Against In Matters Regarding Pay And Promotions. In February 2007 The United States Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit Issued A 2–1 Ruling Which Affirmed A Lower Court Ruling To Certify The Case As A Class-Action Lawsuit Plaintiffs Estimate That About 1.6 Million Women Could Be Included In The Suit. 91 92 According To A Consultant Hired By Plaintiffs In A Sex Discrimination Lawsuit 93 94 In 2001 Wal-Mart's EEOC Filings Showed That Female Employees Made Up 65% Of Wal-Mart's Hourly-Paid Workforce But Only 33% Of Its Management. Just 35% Of Its Store Managers Were Women Whereas 57% Were At Comparable Retailers. The Economist Marc Bendick Jr Described The Ratio Of Women Store Managers In 2001 As Below That Of Comparable Companies In 1975. 94 On April 3 2007 Wal-Mart Reported That Female Employees Were Now 61% Of Its Workforce And 40% Of Its Management. 95 A Similar Lawsuit EEOC Janice Smith V. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Was Filed On August 24 2001. It Accused The Retailer Of Discriminatory Hiring Practices At Its London Kentucky Distribution Center Dating Back To 1995. 96 Mauldin V. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Charges That The Company's Denial Of Health Insurance Coverage For Birth Control Is Unfair To Female Employees. In 2002 The Lawsuit Was Granted Class Action Status Allowing All Female Employees After March 2001 To File Claims If They Were Using Contraceptives. 97 From 2002 Through 2006 Wal-Mart Received Steadily Increasing Scores On The Human Rights Campaign's Corporate Equality Index A Measure Of How Companies Treat LGBT Employees And Customers. The Company's Rating Increased From 14% In 2002 To 43% In 2004 Due To An Expanded Antidiscrimination Policy To Protect Gay And Lesbian Employees. 98 The Score Increased To 57% In 2005 Because Of The Company's New Definition Of Family That Included Same-Sex Partners 99 And Increased Again In 2006 To A High Of 65%. 100 However The Rating For The 2008 Edition Dropped Back To 40% Attributable To Losses In Two Key Areas Not Renewing Its Membership In The National Gay And Lesbian Chamber Of Commerce Which It Joined In 2006 And A Discrepancy From Last Year's Study That Was Discovered In This Year's Answers And Resulted In Another 10-Point Loss By Comparison Target Scored 80% And Kmart 100% . As A Result Of The 40% Rating HRC Encouraged Consumers To "strongly Consider Other Shopping Options." 101 In January 2006 Wal-Mart Announced That "diversity Efforts Include New Groups Of Minority Female And Gay Employees That Meet At Wal-Mart Headquarters In Bentonville To Advise The Company On Marketing And Internal Promotion. There Are Seven So-Called Business Resource Groups Women African-Americans Hispanics Asians Native Americans Gays And Lesbians And A Disabled Group." 102 See Also Advocacy Groups
Wal-Mart Watch – A Joint Project Of The Center For Community And Corporate Ethics Studying The Impact Of Large Corporations On Society
Working Families For Wal-Mart – An Advocacy Group Run By Wal-Mart And The Edelman Public Relations Firm
Wake Up Wal-Mart – A Union-Backed Campaign Group
Television
Wal-Mart The High Cost Of Low Price – A 2005 Documentary Film By Director Robert Greenwald
Something Wall-Mart This Way Comes – A 2004 Episode Of Comedy Central's South Park
Other
Criticism Of Wal-Mart
Wal-Mart Camel – A Bone Fossil Of A Prehistoric Camel Found At A Future Wal-Mart Store In Mesa Arizona
Wal-Mart Employees Former And Current Walmarting – A Neologism With Three Meanings
Wal-Mart First Tee Open At Pebble Beach – A Golf Tournament
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